VOCABULARY – MOCK TESTS ENGLISH

IELTS Vocabulary

Main topics often seen in IELTS Writing Task 2:

1. Education

General terms: curriculum, pedagogy, tuition, syllabus, assessment
Processes: enroll, educate, train, lecture, graduate
Institutions: university, college, academy, institution, faculty
Subjects: mathematics, science, arts, humanities, engineering
Qualities: innovative, practical, theoretical, interactive, engaging
Debates: compulsory, optional, inclusive, accessible, outdated
Types: vocational, academic, e-learning, blended learning, traditional
Benefits: knowledge, skillset, critical thinking, career, opportunity
Challenges: dropout, literacy, inequality, affordability, relevance
Technology: e-books, online courses, virtual classrooms, AI tutors, platforms

2. Environment

General terms: ecosystem, biodiversity, sustainability, conservation, habitat
Issues: pollution, deforestation, overpopulation, climate change, extinction
Solutions: recycling, renewable energy, eco-friendly, conservation, afforestation
Energy: solar, wind, nuclear, fossil fuels, geothermal
Processes: degrade, deplete, conserve, recycle, reuse
Metrics: carbon footprint, emissions, greenhouse gases, temperature rise, deforestation rates
Organizations: UN, Greenpeace, WWF, IPCC, governments
Natural disasters: floods, droughts, hurricanes, wildfires, earthquakes
Actions: mitigate, adapt, ban, legislate, subsidize
Concepts: sustainability, ecological balance, green technology, carbon neutrality, climate activism

3. Technology

General terms: innovation, automation, artificial intelligence, gadget, internet
Devices: smartphone, tablet, wearable, server, robot
Processes: develop, innovate, automate, digitize, upgrade
Applications: education, healthcare, transportation, communication, entertainment
Impacts: efficiency, connectivity, dependency, surveillance, obsolescence
Problems: hacking, cybercrime, addiction, data breaches, misinformation
Benefits: productivity, accessibility, innovation, convenience, safety
Concepts: virtual reality, augmented reality, blockchain, cloud computing, big data
Trends: smart homes, self-driving cars, AI ethics, IoT, e-commerce
Controversies: privacy, inequality, job loss, overreliance, ethics

4. Health

General terms: wellbeing, healthcare, disease, treatment, prevention
Conditions: obesity, diabetes, cancer, mental illness, cardiovascular
Services: hospital, clinic, pharmacy, ambulance, telemedicine
Practices: diet, exercise, vaccination, meditation, hygiene
Nutrition: vitamins, minerals, calories, protein, carbohydrates
Issues: malnutrition, stress, lifestyle diseases, drug abuse, pandemic
Roles: doctor, nurse, therapist, nutritionist, surgeon
Benefits: longevity, fitness, resilience, productivity, quality of life
Policies: healthcare reform, universal coverage, insurance, funding, campaigns
Concepts: public health, preventative care, holistic medicine, alternative medicine, immunity

5. Globalization

General terms: integration, trade, interdependence, outsourcing, offshoring
Processes: import, export, invest, collaborate, regulate
Economics: GDP, markets, tariffs, free trade, multinational
Culture: diversity, homogenization, preservation, influence, exchange
Controversies: inequality, exploitation, loss of identity, cultural dominance, dependency
Benefits: economic growth, cultural exchange, innovation, cooperation, access
Challenges: brain drain, unemployment, pollution, exploitation, competition
Examples: McDonaldization, global brands, trade agreements, outsourcing, NGOs
Organizations: WTO, IMF, UN, WHO, multinational corporations
Concepts: interconnectedness, global village, fair trade, cultural relativism, sustainability

6. Work and Employment

General terms: workforce, employment, unemployment, career, occupation
Processes: hire, fire, resign, promote, retrain
Roles: manager, employee, entrepreneur, freelancer, intern
Workplaces: office, factory, remote, coworking, home-based
Policies: minimum wage, paid leave, diversity, safety, union
Concepts: work-life balance, job satisfaction, workplace ethics, burnout, flexibility
Types: full-time, part-time, freelance, contract, permanent
Issues: gender gap, discrimination, automation, underemployment, layoffs
Benefits: income, stability, growth, security, perks
Trends: gig economy, telecommuting, hybrid work, digital nomads, AI in HR

7. Society and Culture

General terms: community, values, norms, diversity, traditions
Processes: socialize, conform, adapt, modernize, preserve
Institutions: family, religion, government, education, media
Issues: inequality, discrimination, urbanization, migration, aging
Behaviors: altruism, individualism, collectivism, consumerism, activism
Concepts: multiculturalism, generational gap, heritage, identity, social mobility
Conflicts: racism, sexism, classism, xenophobia, polarization
Benefits: inclusivity, tolerance, empathy, understanding, harmony
Celebrations: festivals, rituals, traditions, customs, milestones
Trends: social media influence, globalization, urban migration, digital divide, identity politics

8. Government and Laws

General terms: legislation, policy, governance, constitution, authority
Processes: legislate, enforce, regulate, repeal, amend
Institutions: parliament, judiciary, executive, bureaucracy, councils
Issues: corruption, inefficiency, inequality, censorship, transparency
Concepts: democracy, autocracy, rule of law, federalism, social contract
Debates: freedom vs. security, welfare, taxation, equality, censorship
Benefits: stability, justice, protection, order, welfare
Challenges: red tape, inefficiency, lobbying, populism, partisanship
Roles: politician, bureaucrat, activist, judge, legislator
Laws: immigration, labor, civil rights, environmental, corporate

9. Travel and Tourism

General terms: destination, traveler, itinerary, excursion, hospitality
Processes: book, explore, guide, navigate, tour
Types: eco-tourism, cultural tourism, adventure tourism, business travel, backpacking
Places: landmarks, resorts, wilderness, heritage sites, capitals
Challenges: over-tourism, pollution, cultural loss, overcrowding, scams
Benefits: economy, cultural exchange, global exposure, preservation, leisure
Modes: aviation, rail, cruise, road trips, trekking
Terms: visa, itinerary, accommodation, travel insurance, souvenirs
Concepts: wanderlust, sustainable tourism, responsible travel, local economy, off-the-beaten-path
Organizations: UNESCO, travel agencies, airlines, hospitality chains, tour operators

10. Sports and Leisure

General terms: fitness, recreation, athletics, pastime, competition
Activities: jogging, hiking, swimming, gaming, crafting
Places: gym, stadium, park, arena, club
Roles: coach, athlete, referee, fan, sponsor
Benefits: teamwork, discipline, health, relaxation, socializing
Issues: doping, commercialization, injuries, gender gap, accessibility
Types: team sports, individual sports, outdoor, indoor, extreme
Trends: esports, virtual fitness, eco-adventures, leisure apps, wellness retreats
Debates: professionalism, gender equality, ethics, sponsorship, nationalism
Terms: score, tournament, league, championship, training

11. Media and Advertising

General terms: journalism, advertisement, broadcasting, social media, platform
Processes: report, promote, persuade, inform, manipulate
Concepts: freedom of speech, consumerism, digital marketing, influence, propaganda
Types: print, digital, television, radio, outdoor
Roles: journalist, editor, advertiser, influencer, publicist
Trends: viral content, targeted ads, storytelling, clickbait, brand loyalty
Controversies: censorship, fake news, privacy, ethics, monopoly
Benefits: awareness, education, entertainment, outreach, engagement
Challenges: bias, misinformation, over-saturation, addiction, regulation
Metrics: ratings, reach, impressions, engagement, demographics

Definitions for each vocabulary word in every topic:

1. Education Vocabulary with Definitions

Curriculum: The subjects and materials of study in a school or university.
Pedagogy: The art and science of teaching and education.
Tuition: Fees paid for instruction or teaching.
Syllabus: A detailed outline of the topics to be covered in a course.
Assessment: Methods used to evaluate a student’s learning.
Enroll: To officially join a course, school, or program.
Educate: To teach someone, usually in a school or university setting.
Train: To teach skills for a particular job or activity.
Lecture: A formal talk on a subject, often given to students.
Graduate: To successfully complete a course or degree.
University: A higher education institution offering degrees and research opportunities.
Academy: An institution for specialized education or training.
Institution: An established organization for education, religion, or other purposes.
Faculty: A group of teachers or professors at a school or university.
Mathematics: The study of numbers, quantities, and shapes.
Humanities: Academic disciplines that study human culture, like history or literature.
Vocational: Relating to training for specific jobs or trades.
E-learning: Learning conducted via electronic media, typically the internet.
Blended learning: A mix of traditional classroom teaching and online learning.
Critical thinking: The objective analysis of facts to form a judgment.
Literacy: The ability to read and write.
Inequality: Unequal access to education or resources.
Affordability: The state of being inexpensive or affordable.
E-books: Digital versions of books.
Virtual classrooms: Online platforms where teaching takes place.

2. Environment Vocabulary with Definitions

Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.
Biodiversity: The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat.
Sustainability: Using resources in a way that does not deplete them for future generations.
Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources.
Habitat: The natural home or environment of an organism.
Pollution: The presence of harmful substances in the environment.
Deforestation: The cutting down of trees in a forested area.
Overpopulation: When the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment.
Climate change: Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.
Extinction: The end of a species or group of organisms.
Recycling: The process of converting waste into reusable materials.
Renewable energy: Energy from natural sources that can be replenished.
Afforestation: Planting trees in an area where there was no previous tree cover.
Carbon footprint: The amount of carbon dioxide emitted due to human activities.
Emissions: Pollutants released into the air, often from vehicles or factories.
Greenhouse gases: Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
Solar energy: Energy derived from the sun.
Geothermal energy: Heat energy generated within the Earth.
Floods: Overflow of water that submerges land.
Droughts: Extended periods of low rainfall causing water shortages.
Wildfires: Large, uncontrolled fires in forested areas.
Mitigate: To reduce the severity or seriousness of a problem.
Adapt: To adjust to new conditions or environments.
Ecological balance: A state where ecosystems maintain equilibrium.
Climate activism: Efforts to promote awareness and action against climate change.

3. Technology Vocabulary with Definitions

Innovation: A new idea, method, or invention.
Automation: The use of machines or technology to perform tasks without human intervention.
Artificial intelligence: The simulation of human intelligence by machines.
Gadget: A small mechanical or electronic device.
Internet: A global network connecting millions of private, public, academic, and business networks.
Smartphone: A mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities.
Tablet: A portable computer with a touchscreen interface.
Wearable: Electronic devices worn on the body, like smartwatches.
Server: A computer or system that provides resources or data to other devices.
Robot: A machine capable of carrying out tasks, often programmable.
Develop: To create or improve a product or system.
Digitize: To convert information into a digital format.
Upgrade: To improve the quality or performance of a device or system.
Virtual reality: A computer-generated simulation of a 3D environment.
Augmented reality: A technology that overlays digital content onto the real world.
Blockchain: A digital ledger used to record transactions securely.
Cloud computing: Storing and accessing data over the internet instead of a local drive.
Big data: Large datasets that can be analyzed to reveal patterns and trends.
E-commerce: The buying and selling of goods and services online.
IoT (Internet of Things): A network of interconnected devices that communicate with each other.
Cybercrime: Criminal activities carried out using computers or the internet.
Hacking: Unauthorized access to or manipulation of computer systems.
Surveillance: Monitoring activities, often using cameras or technology.
Privacy: The right to keep personal information secure and private.
Efficiency: The ability to accomplish tasks with minimal waste or effort.

4. Health Vocabulary with Definitions

Wellbeing: A state of being comfortable, healthy, and happy.
Healthcare: Services provided to maintain or improve health.
Disease: A disorder or illness that affects the body or mind.
Treatment: Medical care given to a patient for an illness or injury.
Prevention: Measures taken to avoid disease or injury.
Obesity: Excessive body weight that may impair health.
Diabetes: A chronic condition affecting the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar.
Mental illness: Disorders that affect a person’s emotional or psychological state.
Vaccination: The administration of a vaccine to protect against disease.
Meditation: A practice to improve focus and relaxation through mental exercises.
Nutrition: The process of consuming and using food for health.
Malnutrition: Poor nutrition caused by an imbalanced or inadequate diet.
Lifestyle diseases: Illnesses caused by unhealthy habits or lifestyle choices.
Drug abuse: The misuse of substances that can lead to addiction or harm.
Pandemic: A widespread outbreak of a disease across multiple countries.
Longevity: The length or duration of a person’s life.
Immunity: The body’s ability to resist disease.
Holistic medicine: An approach to health care that considers the whole person (mind, body, and spirit).
Alternative medicine: Non-conventional treatments like acupuncture or herbal remedies.
Telemedicine: The remote diagnosis and treatment of patients using technology.
Surgeon: A doctor specialized in performing operations.
Therapist: A professional who helps people improve mental or physical health.
Hygiene: Practices to maintain cleanliness and prevent disease.
Fitness: The state of being physically healthy and strong.
Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from illness or difficulty.

5. Globalization Vocabulary with Definitions

Integration: The process of combining or coordinating different parts into a whole.
Trade: The buying and selling of goods and services.
Interdependence: A mutual reliance between countries or groups for resources or support.
Outsourcing: Hiring external organizations to perform business tasks or services.
Offshoring: Relocating business processes to another country to reduce costs.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): The total value of goods and services produced in a country.
Markets: Places or systems where goods and services are exchanged.
Tariffs: Taxes imposed on imported or exported goods.
Free trade: International trade free of restrictions like tariffs or quotas.
Multinational: A company operating in several countries.
Diversity: The inclusion of different types of people or things.
Homogenization: The process of making things uniform or similar.
Cultural exchange: Sharing cultural practices, ideas, and traditions.
Exploitation: Using resources or people unfairly for personal gain.
Inequality: Unequal access to resources, opportunities, or rights.
Brain drain: The emigration of skilled professionals from their home country.
Cultural dominance: When one culture overpowers or heavily influences others.
Dependency: Relying on another country for resources or support.
Economic growth: An increase in the production of goods and services in a country.
Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, products, or methods.
Preservation: The act of protecting or maintaining something in its original state.
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations): Organizations that operate independently from governments to address social or political issues.
Fair trade: A movement ensuring producers in developing countries receive fair compensation.
Interconnectedness: The state of being connected with others through global networks.
Sustainability: Practices that meet current needs without compromising future generations.

6. Work and Employment Vocabulary with Definitions

Workforce: The total number of people employed or available for work.
Employment: The state of having a paid job.
Unemployment: The state of being jobless while actively seeking work.
Career: A profession or occupation undertaken for a significant period of life.
Occupation: A person’s job or profession.
Hire: To employ someone for a job.
Fire: To terminate someone’s employment.
Resign: To voluntarily leave a job.
Promote: To elevate someone to a higher position or rank.
Retrain: To learn new skills for a different job or career.
Manager: A person in charge of a team or department.
Employee: Someone who works for a company or organization.
Entrepreneur: A person who starts and runs their own business.
Freelancer: A person who works independently and is not committed to a single employer.
Intern: A student or trainee working to gain experience in a profession.
Minimum wage: The lowest legal salary that workers can be paid.
Paid leave: Time off work with salary, such as vacation or sick leave.
Work-life balance: The balance between time spent working and time for personal life.
Burnout: Physical or mental exhaustion caused by excessive work stress.
Job satisfaction: The fulfillment or contentment a person feels in their job.
Remote work: Working from a location other than the office, often from home.
Gig economy: A labor market with short-term or freelance jobs instead of permanent ones.
Automation: The use of technology to perform tasks previously done by humans.
Gender gap: Differences in opportunities or pay between men and women.
Digital nomad: Someone who works remotely while traveling to different locations.

7. Society and Culture Vocabulary with Definitions

Community: A group of people living together or sharing common interests.
Tradition: Customs or beliefs passed down from generation to generation.
Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, or property passed from the past.
Cultural identity: A sense of belonging to a specific culture or group.
Diversity: The inclusion of different cultural, ethnic, or social groups.
Integration: The process of combining different groups into a unified whole.
Assimilation: The process of adopting another culture or merging into a cultural group.
Ethnicity: A group identity based on common cultural or ancestral heritage.
Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on characteristics like race, gender, or age.
Stereotype: A generalized belief or assumption about a group of people.
Prejudice: A biased opinion or feeling against a group or individual.
Multiculturalism: The coexistence of diverse cultures within a society.
Social norms: Accepted behaviors or standards in a community.
Subculture: A cultural group within a larger culture with distinct beliefs or practices.
Ritual: A ceremonial act or series of actions performed according to tradition.
Urbanization: The growth and expansion of cities.
Social mobility: The ability to move between social or economic classes.
Inequality: Unequal opportunities or treatment within a society.
Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.
Volunteering: Offering services without payment to help others.
Philanthropy: The act of promoting the welfare of others, often through donations.
Marginalized: Groups pushed to the edges of society and excluded from opportunities.
Patriarchy: A social system dominated by males.
Social cohesion: The bonds that hold a society together.
Cultural diffusion: The spread of cultural beliefs or practices from one group to another.

8. Government and Laws Vocabulary with Definitions

Legislation: Laws or legal rules enacted by a government.
Policy: A course of action adopted or proposed by an organization or government.
Democracy: A system of government where citizens elect representatives.
Autocracy: A system of government where one person has absolute power.
Constitution: A set of fundamental principles that govern a country.
Judiciary: The system of courts responsible for interpreting laws.
Executive: The branch of government responsible for implementing laws.
Legislature: A group of people responsible for making laws.
Referendum: A public vote on a specific issue or policy.
Civil rights: The rights of individuals to political and social freedom.
Human rights: Fundamental rights that belong to every individual.
Justice: Fair treatment in accordance with the law.
Criminal justice: The system for addressing crime and enforcing laws.
Penalty: A punishment imposed for breaking a law.
Amendment: A change or addition to a legal document or law.
Corruption: Dishonest behavior by those in power, often involving bribery.
Law enforcement: Agencies responsible for maintaining public order and safety.
Regulation: Rules or directives made and maintained by authorities.
Taxation: The system of collecting money from individuals or businesses by the government.
Diplomacy: Managing international relations through negotiations.
Election: The process of selecting representatives through voting.
Lobbying: Influencing government decisions or policies by special interest groups.
Sanction: A penalty imposed on a country to force compliance with international laws.
Immigration: The act of moving to another country for permanent residence.
Asylum: Protection granted to individuals fleeing persecution.

9. Media and Communication Vocabulary with Definitions

Mass media: Channels of communication, such as TV, radio, and newspapers, that reach a wide audience.
Social media: Platforms that enable users to create and share content or participate in networking.
Broadcast: Transmitting a program or message through TV or radio.
Journalism: The activity of gathering, assessing, and presenting news.
Advertisement: A public promotion of products or services.
Censorship: The suppression or restriction of material deemed inappropriate.
Bias: A prejudice in favor of or against something, often unfairly.
Tabloid: A newspaper focused on sensational news and entertainment.
Headline: The title of a news article, usually in bold letters.
Freedom of speech: The right to express one’s opinions publicly.
Fake news: False or misleading information presented as news.
Propaganda: Biased information used to influence public opinion.
Press: Newspapers, magazines, and journalists.
Broadcasting: The distribution of audio or video content to the public.
Digital media: Electronic forms of communication like websites, apps, and streaming.
Public relations: Managing communication between an organization and the public.
Infographic: A visual representation of information or data.
Podcast: A digital audio or video file series, often on specific topics.
Editorial: An article expressing the editor’s opinion.
Plagiarism: Copying someone else’s work without proper acknowledgment.
Interview: A conversation where one person asks questions to another for information.
Press release: An official statement delivered to media outlets.
Subscriber: Someone who pays for access to a publication or service.
Content creator: Someone who produces material for digital platforms.
Media literacy: The ability to critically evaluate and use media effectively.

10. Transportation Vocabulary with Definitions

Infrastructure: Basic physical systems like roads, bridges, and railways.
Public transport: Shared modes of transportation like buses and trains.
Commuter: A person who travels to and from work regularly.
Congestion: Overcrowding, often referring to traffic.
Highway: A major road for fast-moving traffic.
Bypass: A road built around a town to reduce traffic within it.
Subway: An underground train system in cities.
Airline: A company that provides air travel services.
Freight: Goods transported by truck, train, ship, or aircraft.
Logistics: The organization and movement of goods and services.
Emission: Pollutants released into the air by vehicles or machines.
Ride-sharing: Carpooling services like Uber or Lyft.
Electric vehicle: A vehicle powered by electricity rather than gasoline.
Hybrid vehicle: A car powered by both electricity and gasoline.
Cycling: Traveling by bicycle.
Navigation: The process of planning and following a route.
Traffic jam: A large number of vehicles stuck on the road.
Driverless car: An autonomous vehicle that operates without human input.
Fuel efficiency: The measure of how far a vehicle can travel on a certain amount of fuel.
Railway: A system of tracks for trains.
Airport: A location where airplanes take off and land.
Port: A location where ships load and unload goods.
Transit hub: A central location for the transfer of passengers or goods.
Speed limit: The maximum legal driving speed.
Urban mobility: Transportation options in city environments.

11. Crime and Punishment Vocabulary with Definitions

Crime: An illegal act punishable by law.
Punishment: The penalty imposed for committing a crime.
Law enforcement: Police and agencies that ensure laws are followed.
Offense: A violation of the law.
Felony: A serious crime, such as murder or robbery.
Misdemeanor: A minor wrongdoing or crime.
Trial: A legal process to determine guilt or innocence.
Verdict: The decision made by a jury or judge in a trial.
Sentence: The punishment assigned to a convicted individual.
Imprisonment: The act of being confined to jail or prison.
Parole: Conditional release of a prisoner before their sentence is complete.
Probation: A court-ordered period of supervision instead of jail time.
Criminal: A person who has committed a crime.
Defendant: An individual accused of a crime in court.
Prosecutor: A lawyer who represents the government in a criminal case.
Defense attorney: A lawyer who represents the accused in a criminal trial.
Evidence: Information used to prove or disprove allegations in court.
Witness: A person who sees a crime or testifies in court.
Theft: The act of stealing.
Fraud: Deception intended to result in financial or personal gain.
Arson: The criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property.
Assault: The act of causing physical harm to another person.
Homicide: The act of killing another person.
Cybercrime: Criminal activities carried out using computers or the internet.
Juvenile delinquent: A young person who commits a crime.